Ø The word personality comes
from the Latin word per and sonare, which literally means “to sound through”.
Apparently the word persona comes from these two words, which means an actor’s
mask through which the sound of his voice was projected.
Ø Personality is defined as
the configuration of characteristic and ways of behaving which describe and individual’s
unique adjustment to his environment. It includes characteristic that are
important in a person’s adjustment and maintenance of self-respect.
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Types Theories
Ø One kind of type
classification is the theory of body types as determiners of personality
considered in the body types are bodily constitution, health and vigor. Among
the contemporary psychologist, William Sheldon developed a type theory based on
bodily characteristic. The term used to describe the components were derived
from the names of the cell layers in the embryo where different bodily tissues
originated.
3 COMPONENTS
1.
Endomosphic
Refers
to the prominence of the intestines and other visceral organs. The person of
this type tends to be fat in proportion to height.
2.
Mesomorphic
A
component refers to bones and muscles. This individual is strong, tough, and
athletic and tends to be well built and well proportioned.
3.
Ectomorphic
Based
on the delicateness of skin, fine hair, and sensitive nervous system. Tends to be long, thin, and poorly developed
on the whole, this individual is rather weak physically.
Sheldon also believes that these
are three ways in which one’s temperament varies the obese individual or a
person who shows a preponderance of endomorphy is classified
temperamentally as vicerotonic . Such as a person seek comfort, loves fine
foods. And eats too much. This person is
sociable and is greatly interested in seeking affection. The mesomorph,
is somatotonic
is energetic, like to exercise and is direct in manner. This individual tends
to be aggressive and self-assertive. The ectomorph is cerebratonic,is excessive
restraint is inhibited and avoid social contacts. Other classification of
personality based on behaviour is the psychological type theory proposed by Swiss
Psychologist Carl G. Jung (1875 – 1961 ) . Jung classified individuals
through into introverts and extroverts.
INTROVERTS
Tends to withdraw into themselves
especially in times of emotional stress or conflict. They are governed
primarily by subjective factors are subjectives feelings. They are shy and
preferred to walk alone.
EXTROVERTS
Very sociable, well – dress and
outgoing. There decisions and actions are determine primarily by objective relationships.
Their attentions and interests are centred on the immediate environment and
they tend to loose themselves among people.
Galen four types of
personality
Sanguine – person is warm hearted and pleasant has a prominence of
blood.
Phlegmatic - is listless and slow.
These qualities are attributed to Phlegm.
Melancholic – suffer from depression and sadness because of having of too
much black bile.
Choleric – person is angered are
temperamental as influenced by yellow bile.
According to William’s (1956). The
basis of temperament is the chemistry of the body. Each person has distinct pattern of
endocrines activity and individual temperature as a kind of endocrines symphony.
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
The
psychoanalytic theory strongly influenced other theories as well as technique
of therapy. Psycho analysis as developed
by Freud divides personality structure into three parts. The Id , storehouse of extinctive pleasure
seeking impulses of libido or sexual desire, the ego controls the expression of
this impulses in accordance with the demands of social reality, and ; the superego
, or seat of the individuals moral Ideas of right and wrong. The ego
must compromise the conflicting demands of the Id and superego.
In personality
development, an individual process through several stages: the oral
period, during which satisfaction centre around sucking and mouth
activities. The anal period, during which
bowel control is achieved; the phallic – Oedipal, when sign of
sexuality appear and there is a strong attraction to the parent of the opposite
sex ; The Latency period, during the early school years, and the Genital
period, beginning in adolescence when the person achieves adult
sexuality.
Some psychologists
have been influenced by the concept of field theory of the physical sciences.
Based on the study of electromagnetic fields, this theory postulates fields of
force which are dynamic and constant shifting equilibrium. Psychological
events, like physical events, are thought to represent a balance and
interaction of many forces. A change anywhere in the system will affect the
whole system. Gestalt list in nature, behaviour is shaped not by individual
chain of cause and effect, but by the combination of forces which make up the
entire field.
Kurt Goldstein, a leading exponent of the field theory, developed the organismic
theory
which stresses the orderly unfolding of the inherited potentialities of the
organism, with self-actualization as human’s highest goal. According to him particular
symptoms are not the product of particular diseases or injuries but products of
the organism behaving as a whole.
Carl Rogers, an organismic theorist,
emphasized the individual’s world of experience, phenomenal field,
especially the concept of self. It is the individual’s perceptions and
interpretations that determine ones behaviour. From the
interaction with the environment, the individual
develops a self-concept which becomes ones most valued possession. The
individual behaves in ways that are consistent with the picture of oneself. The
person tends to reject or distort incoming information that is threatening to
the self. The most basic drive of the human organism is toward
self-actualization.
Like Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow stressed
the importance of self-actualization. He studied and listed the characteristics
of healthy self-actualization individuals. He regarded human’s inborn nature as
basically good but is easily overcome by social pressure. Self-actualization
person are particularly capable of loving and of being loved in the fullest
way.
Self-actualization is also emphasized in existentialism. This postulates
that a person first exists and then chooses what he or she shall be.
Robert R. Sears stressed the importance of studying dyodic unit; (groups of
two or more person). He believes that the largest and most significant part of
human behaviour involves the interaction of people.
Another theorist who emphasized the role of the
learning process in the development of personality is Hobart Mowrer. He
developed a dual theory of the nature of learning. While Dollard and Miller
regard reward as essential to learning. Mowrer holds that this is true only in solution
learning. The individual acquires a tendency to respond in the
particular way in order to solve a problem.
Reference:
General Psychology by Agustin G. Huyong
"Application Type Theory"
If you are taking test for a sales job and asked question regarding your level of extroversion/introversion, is it likely that you might lie or stretch truth to get the job?
If you are introvert you may feel this would hinder your chances. So instead, you respond positively to the extrovert question such as " I prefer social activities" or " I enjoy being the center of attraction.
Another application of the personality type theory has been in the workplace for example. A sales person would likely do better if he or she is an extrovert, a teacher more likely to succeed if he or she is conscientious, or a nay seal more likely to get the job done if he/she is confident and open new experiences.
source: allpsych.com/personalitysypnosis
"Application Type Theory"
If you are taking test for a sales job and asked question regarding your level of extroversion/introversion, is it likely that you might lie or stretch truth to get the job?
If you are introvert you may feel this would hinder your chances. So instead, you respond positively to the extrovert question such as " I prefer social activities" or " I enjoy being the center of attraction.
Another application of the personality type theory has been in the workplace for example. A sales person would likely do better if he or she is an extrovert, a teacher more likely to succeed if he or she is conscientious, or a nay seal more likely to get the job done if he/she is confident and open new experiences.
source: allpsych.com/personalitysypnosis
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